System (network) operators

System (also: network or grid) operators in the European Union Internal Electricity Market are:

- Transmission System Operators (TSOs),

- Distribution System Operators (DSOs),

- Closed Distribution System Operators (CDSOs).

Network operators “are universally regarded as natural monopolies requiring regulation by national regulatory authorities” (CEER Report on Regulatory Frameworks for European Energy Networks, Ref: C18-IRB-38-03, 18 January 2019Ref: C18-IRB-38-03, 18 January 2019, p. 7).

Directive 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 2003/54/EC

CEER Report on Regulatory Frameworks for European Energy Networks, Ref: C18-IRB-38-03, 18 January 2019Ref: C18-IRB-38-03, 18 January 2019

European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E)

Electricity market operator