Frequency Restoration Reserve (FRR)
According to Article 3(2)(7) of the Network Code on System Operation ‘frequency restoration reserves’ or ‘FRR’ means the active power reserves available to restore system frequency to the nominal frequency and, for a synchronous area consisting of more than one LFC area, to restore power balance to the scheduled value.
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26 March 2024
ACER has received the TSOs’ proposal to amend the implementation framework for a European platform for the exchange of balancing energy from frequency restoration reserves with automatic activation (aFRR). The TSOs propose introducing the possibility of using an elastic demand. This would allow them to price a segment of their demand and therefore establish a threshold beyond which they are unwilling to activate balancing energy. This would improve the TSOs' ability to manage the balance between cost efficiency and the need for maintaining high-quality frequency. AFRR implementation framework:
1 February 2023 ENTSO-E consultation - Nordic TSOs' methodology for sharing and exchange limits of FRR/RR (amended) This consultation concerns the amended methodology of all Nordic TSOs for sharing and exchange limits of FRR/RR between synchronous areas in accordance with Article 176(1), 177(1), 178(1) and 179(1) of the Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1485 of 2 August 2017 establishing a guideline on electricity transmission system operation (SO Regulation). The main trigger for this amendment is the implementation of markets that allow for exchanging FRR energy and capacity between synchronous areas. This development is expected to increase the exchange of FRR and accordingly change the operation on the HVDC interconnectors significantly. This amendment makes sure that the allocation constraints for exchange by day-ahead and intraday markets also apply to the balancing market. Furthermore, the amendment ensures secure operation on the HVDC interconnectors and confirms the responsibilities of the TSOs on FRR capacity.
3 October 2022
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Commission Staff Working Document of 23 November 2017 (accompanying the Commission Regulation establishing a guideline on electricity balancing) explains the frequency restoration reserves are supplied by reserve providers (generators, storage, demand response) and are used by Transmission System Operator (TSO) after sudden system imbalance occurrence (e.g. the outage of a power plant). In the EU Internal Electricity Balancing Market FRR include operating reserves with an activation time typically between 30 seconds up to 15 minutes (depending on the specific requirements of the synchronous area). FRR replace frequency containment reserves (FCR) if the frequency deviation lasts longer than 30 seconds.
FRR can be distinguished between reserves with automatic activation (aFRR) and reserves with manual activation (mFRR).
aFRR is activated automatically and in a continuous manner, it is by its nature more deeply integrated with the TSO systems, while mFRR is activated manually in both a discrete and “close to” continuous manner by TSOs (Explanatory Document to all TSOs’ proposal for the implementation framework for a European platform for the exchange of balancing energy from frequency restoration reserves with manual activation in accordance with Article 20 of Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2195 establishing a guideline on electricity balancing, 15 May 2018, p. 5).
For FRR the European integration model for a future EU-wide balancing market (i.e. activation of balancing energy) is intended to be based on a TSO-TSO model.
The average price for the frequency restoration reserve has a vital and commercially sensitive interconnectedness with the imbalance price.
The Network Code on the Electricity Balancing (Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2195 of 23 November 2017 establishing a guideline on electricity balancing - NC EB, or EBGL) envisions that:
1. the imbalance price for shortage must not be less than:
(a) the weighted average price for activated positive balancing energy for FRR and replacement reserves (RR); or
(b) in the event that no activation of balancing energy in either direction has occurred during the imbalance settlement period, the value of the avoided activation of balancing energy for FRR or RR;
2. the imbalance price for surplus must not be greater than:
(a) the weighted average price for activated negative balancing energy for FRRs and RRs; or
(b) in the event that no activation of balancing energy in either direction has occurred during the imbalance settlement period, the value of the avoided activation of balancing energy for FRRs or RRs.
3. imbalance settlement price, in the event that both positive and negative balancing energy for FRRs or RRs have been activated during the same imbalance settlement period, is to be determined for shortage and surplus based on at least one of the above principles.
According to Article 47 of the said Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2195 of 23 November 2017 each connecting TSO may calculate and settle the activated volume of balancing energy for the frequency restoration process with balancing service providers (BSPs).
The price, be it positive, zero or negative, of the activated volume of balancing energy for the frequency restoration process is to be defined for each direction in accordance with the following table:
Payment for balancing energy
| Balancing energy price positive | Balancing energy price negative | |
| Positive balancing energy | Payment from TSO to BSP | Payment from BSP to TSO |
| Negative balancing energy | Payment from BSP to TSO | Payment from TSO to BSP |
ACM Position Paper of 13 November 2019 Marginal Pricing for Balancing Energy, a comparison between pricing method, p. 5, 6
Although it is the responsibility of market participants to ensure supply and demand of electrical energy per ISP, it is the responsibility of each TSO to deal with the residual power imbalances within the ISP. Within the whole of continental Europe, all instantaneous power imbalances are immediately countered by frequency containment reserves (FCR).
After a few seconds, FCR is supplemented by frequency restoration reserves of each individual TSO, which can be activated automatically (aFRR) or manually (mFRR).
The frequency restoration process currently uses aFRR and mFRR for two purposes:
1. To relocate the activated power to the control area with the imbalance (Δp → 0 MW)
2. To restore the frequency to the nominal value, and release activated FCR by activating additional power (Δf → 0 mHz; FCR activated → 0 MW)
In doing so, the frequency restoration process leads to the injection or withdrawal of electrical power into or from the system by activation of balancing energy bids to compensate for the residual power imbalance left by the market participants. This balancing energy delivered by BSPs is thus part of the same real-time market as the imbalances exchanged between the BRPs.
As a result, BRPs that have an imbalance buy or sell this energy imbalance either
1) from BRPs that have an opposite imbalance (through TSO-BRP settlement), or
2) from BSPs who supply balancing energy through the TSO.
In either case, the volume of balancing energy is considered equal to the volume of the total residual imbalance. Therefore the definition of both the TSO-BRP (imbalance) and TSO-BSP (balancing energy) settlement prices influence the behaviour of market participants in their role as BRP and/or BSP.
In summary, FRR has both a technical function (electrical power control) and a market function (trade balancing energy to match demand and supply).
The Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER) in its Recommendation No 03/2015 of 20 July 2015 on the Network Code on Electricity Balancing proposed that all TSOs should implement the Regional Integration Models (RIMs) and European Integration Models (EIM) for mFRR. In the Agency's opinion all TSOs currently operate mFRR process and therefore all TSOs should be part of the RIM and EIM. The Agency expects that all TSOs operate the aFRR process, except for Great Britain, Ireland and Northern Ireland, where the implementation of the aFRR process is subject to a cost-benefit analysis to determine whether these TSOs should implement it. The Agency considers that the overall number of Coordinated Balancing Areas (CoBAs) for regional implementation of aFRR and mFRR should be minimised as far as possible and fully justified by ENTSO-E to support their eventual merging.
The Agency recommends the overall number of CoBAs not to be higher than five and that each TSO is attributed to only one CoBA for each RIM. This suggestion is driven by the objective to have large areas creating integrated and liquid balancing markets and also considers the practical aspects of the transition from RIM to EIM within the defined time periods. The Agency also expects that CoBAs are defined in a consistent manner, which ensures efficient functioning of regional balancing markets, prevents delays in implementation projects in RIM, and facilitates the convergence and merging of CoBAs into each final EIM. In the Agency's views, having consistent CoBAs means that the very large CoBAs defined for a given process may encompass a number of CoBAs defined for other processes. For instance, the single CoBAs covering the whole Continental Europe synchronous area for the imbalance netting process may cover a number of smaller CoBAs defined for the aFRR process, whereas each CoBAs for mFRR may encompass one or several CoBAs for aFRR or CoBAs for replacement reserves. The Agency also proposed to amend the Network Code on Electricty Balancing so that it explicitly states which EU Member States are included in each of the CoBAs for RR, mFRR and aFRR.
Provisions regulating frequency restoration reserves are stipulated in Articles 157 - 159 of the Network Code on System Operation (see box below).
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Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1485 of 2 August 2017 establishing a guideline on electricity transmission system operation (Network Code on System Operation)
Title 6 Frequency Restoration Reserves
Article 157 FRR dimensioning 1. All TSOs of a LFC Block shall set out FRR dimensioning rules in the LFC Block operational agreement. 2. The FRR dimensioning rules shall include at least the following: (a) all TSOs of a LFC block in the CE and Nordic synchronous areas shall determine the required reserve capacity of FRR of the LFC block based on consecutive historical records comprising at least the historical LFC block imbalance values. The sampling of those historical records shall cover at least the time to restore frequency. The time period considered for those records shall be representative and include at least one full year period ending not earlier than 6 months before the calculation date; (b) all TSOs of a LFC block in the CE and Nordic synchronous areas shall determine the reserve capacity on FRR of the LFC block sufficient to respect the current FRCE target parameters in Article 128 for the time period referred to in point (a) based at least on a probabilistic methodology. In using that probabilistic methodology, the TSOs shall take into account the restrictions defined in the agreements for the sharing or exchange of reserves due to possible violations of operational security and the FRR availability requirements. All TSOs of a LFC block shall take into account any expected significant changes to the distribution of LFC block imbalances or take into account other relevant influencing factors relative to the time period considered; April (c) all TSOs of a LFC block shall determine the ratio of automatic FRR, manual FRR, the automatic FRR full activation time and manual FRR full activation time in order to comply with the requirement of paragraph (b). For that purpose, the automatic FRR full activation time of a LFC block and the manual FRR full activation time of the LFC block shall not be more than the time to restore frequency; (d) the TSOs of a LFC block shall determine the size of the reference incident which shall be the largest imbalance that may result from an instantaneous change of active power of a single power generating module, single demand facility, or single HVDC interconnector or from a tripping of an AC line within the LFC block; (e) all TSOs of a LFC block shall determine the positive reserve capacity on FRR, which shall not be less than the positive dimensioning incident of the LFC block; (f) all TSOs of a LFC block shall determine the negative reserve capacity on FRR, which shall not be less than the negative dimensioning incident of the LFC block; (g) all TSOs of a LFC block shall determine the reserve capacity on FRR of a LFC block, any possible geographical limitations for its distribution within the LFC block and any possible geographical limitations for any exchange of reserves or sharing of reserves with other LFC blocks to comply with the operational security limits; (h) all TSOs of a LFC block shall ensure that the positive reserve capacity on FRR or a combination of reserve capacity on FRR and RR is sufficient to cover the positive LFC block imbalances for at least 99 % of the time, based on the historical records referred to in point (a); (i) all TSOs of a LFC block shall ensure that the negative reserve capacity on FRR or a combination of reserve capacity on FRR and RR is sufficient to cover the negative LFC block imbalances for at least 99 % of the time, based on the historical record referred to in point (a); (j) all TSOs of a LFC block may reduce the positive reserve capacity on FRR of the LFC block resulting from the FRR dimensioning process by concluding a FRR sharing agreement with other LFC blocks in accordance with provisions in Title 8. The following requirements shall apply to that sharing agreement: (i) for the CE and Nordic synchronous areas, the reduction of the positive reserve capacity on FRR of a LFC block shall be limited to the difference, if positive, between the size of the positive dimensioning incident and the reserve capacity on FRR required to cover the positive LFC block imbalances during 99 % of the time, based on the historical records referred to in point (a). The reduction of the positive reserve capacity shall not exceed 30 % of the size of the positive dimensioning incident; (ii) for the GB and IE/NI synchronous areas, the positive reserve capacity on FRR and the risk of non-delivery due to sharing shall be assessed continually by the TSOs of the LFC block; (k) all TSOs of a LFC block may reduce the negative reserve capacity on FRR of the LFC block, resulting from the FRR dimensioning process by concluding a FRR sharing agreement with other LFC blocks in accordance with the provisions of Title 8. The following requirements shall apply to that sharing agreement: (i) for the CE and Nordic synchronous areas, the reduction of the negative reserve capacity on FRR of a LFC block shall be limited to the difference, if positive, between the size of the negative dimensioning incident and the reserve capacity on FRR required to cover the negative LFC block imbalances during 99 % of the time, based on the historical records referred to in point (a); (ii) for the GB and IE/NI synchronous areas, the negative reserve capacity on FRR and the risk of non-delivery due to sharing shall be assessed continually by the TSOs of the LFC block. 3. All TSOs of a LFC block where the LFC block comprises more than one TSO shall set out, in the LFC block operational agreement, the specific allocation of responsibilities between the TSOs of the LFC areas for the implementation of the obligations established in paragraph 2. 4. All TSOs of a LFC block shall have sufficient reserve capacity on FRR at any time in accordance with the FRR dimensioning rules. The TSOs of a LFC block shall specify in the LFC block operational agreement an escalation procedure for cases of severe risk of insufficient reserve capacity on FRR in the LFC block.
Article 158 FRR minimum technical requirements 1. The FRR minimum technical requirements shall be the following: (a) each FRR providing unit and each FRR providing group shall be connected to only one reserve connecting TSO; (b) a FRR providing unit or FRR providing group shall activate FRR in accordance with the setpoint received from the reserve instructing TSO; (c) the reserve instructing TSO shall be the reserve connecting TSO or a TSO designated by the reserve connecting TSO in an FRR exchange agreement pursuant to Article 165(3) or 171(4); (d) a FRR providing unit or FRR providing group for automatic FRR shall have an automatic FRR activation delay not exceeding 30 seconds; (e) a FRR provider shall ensure that the FRR activation of the FRR providing units within a reserve providing group can be monitored. For that purpose, the FRR provider shall be capable of supplying to the reserve connecting TSO and the reserve instructing TSO real-time measurements of the connection point or another point of interaction agreed with the reserve connecting TSO concerning: (f) a FRR providing unit or FRR providing group for automatic FRR shall be capable of activating its complete automatic reserve capacity on FRR within the automatic FRR full activation time; (g) a FRR providing unit or FRR providing group for manual FRR shall be capable of activating its complete manual reserve capacity on FRR within the manual FRR full activation time; (h) a FRR provider shall fulfil the FRR availability requirements; and (i) a FRR providing unit or FRR providing group shall fulfil the ramping rate requirements of the LFC block. 2. All TSOs of a LFC block shall specify FRR availability requirements and requirements on the control quality of FRR providing units and FRR providing groups for their LFC block in the LFC block operational agreement pursuant to Article 119. 3. The reserve connecting TSO shall adopt the technical requirements for the connection of FRR providing units and FRR providing groups to ensure the safe and secure delivery of FRR. 4. Each FRR provider shall: (a) ensure that its FRR providing units and FRR providing groups fulfil the FRR technical minimum requirements, the FRR availability requirements and the ramping rate requirements in paragraphs 1 to 3; and (b) inform its reserve instructing TSO about a reduction of the actual availability of its FRR providing unit or its FRR providing group or a part of its FRR providing group as soon as possible. 5. Each reserve instructing TSO shall ensure the monitoring of the compliance with the FRR minimum technical requirements in paragraph 1, the FRR availability requirements in paragraph 2, the ramping rate requirements in paragraph 1 and the connection requirements in paragraph 3 by its FRR providing units and FRR providing groups.
Article 159 FRR prequalification process 1. By 12 months after entry into force of this Regulation each TSO shall develop a FRR prequalification process and shall clarify and make publicly available its details. 2. A potential FRR provider shall demonstrate to the reserve connecting TSO or the TSO designated by the reserve connecting TSO in the FRR exchange agreement that it complies with the FRR minimum technical requirements in Article 158(1), the FRR availability requirements in Article 158(2), the ramping rate requirements in Article 158(1) and the connection requirements in Article 158(3) by completing successfully the prequalification process of potential FRR providing units or FRR providing groups, described in paragraphs 3 to 6 of this Article. 3. A potential FRR provider shall submit a formal application to the relevant reserve connecting TSO or the designated TSO together with the required information of potential FRR providing units or FRR providing groups. Within 8 weeks from receipt of the application, the reserve connecting TSO or the designated TSO shall confirm whether the application is complete. Where the reserve connecting TSO or the designated TSO considers that the application is incomplete they shall request additional information and the potential FRR provider shall submit the additional required information within 4 weeks from the receipt of the request. Where the potential FRR provider does not supply the requested information within that deadline, the application shall be deemed to be withdrawn. 4. Within 3 months after the reserve connecting TSO or the designated TSO confirms that the application is complete, the reserve connecting TSO or the designated TSO shall evaluate the information provided and decide whether the potential FRR providing units or FRR providing groups meet the criteria for a FRR prequalification. The reserve connecting TSO or the designated TSO shall notify their decision to the potential FRR provider. 5. The qualification of FRR providing units or FRR providing groups by the reserve connecting TSO or the designated TSO shall be valid for the entire LFC Block. 6. The qualification of FRR providing units or FRR providing groups shall be re-assessed: 7. To ensure operational security, the reserve connecting TSO shall have the right to exclude FRR providing groups from the provision of FRR based on technical arguments such as the geographical distribution of the power generating modules or demand units belonging to a FRR providing group. |
European platform for the exchange of balancing energy from Frequency Restoration Reserves
Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2195 of 23 November 2017 establishing a guideline on electricity balancing in Articles 20 - 21 envisages the procedure for establishing European platforms for the exchange of balancing energy from frequency restoration reserves with manual (mFRR-Platform - MARI) and automatic (aFRR-Platform) activation - PICASSO.
mFRR-Platform (MARI)
The development of the European mFRR-Platform is organised via the implementation project MARI where all standard mFRR balancing energy product bids shall be submitted and the exchange of balancing energy from mFRR shall be performed.
The general, operational process for mFRR-Platform is as follows:
1. TSOs receive bids from BSPs in their imbalance area,
2. TSOs forward standard mFRR balancing energy product bids to the mFRR-Platform,
3. TSOs communicate the available cross-zonal capacities and any other relevant network constraints as well HVDC constraints,
4. TSOs communicate their mFRR balancing energy demands,
5. optimization of the clearing of mFRR balancing energy demands against BSPs’ bids,
6. communication of the accepted bids, satisfied demands and prices to the local TSOs as well as the resulting cross-border schedules,
7. calculation of the commercial flows between imbalance areas and settlement of the expenditure and revenues between TSOs,
8. remaining cross-zonal capacities are sent to the TSOs.
According to the All TSOs proposal of 15 May 2018 for a European platform for the exchange of balancing energy from frequency restoration reserves with manual activation implementation framework the mFRR-Platform shall consist of the following functions:
(a) Activation optimisation function;
(b) TSO-TSO settlement function.
The activation optimisation function shall operate as follows:
(a) Each participating TSO shall submit at least the following inputs to the activation optimisation function:
i. the mFRR demand for its LFC area or bidding zone;
ii. the available cross-zonal capacity for its borders; and
iii. the list of standard mFRR product bids for its LFC area which shall include all available standard mFRR product bids from each scheduling area which belongs to the LFC area of the submitting TSO.
(b) The activation optimisation function shall merge the lists of standard mFRR product bids provided to a common merit order list.
(c) The activation optimisation function shall provide as output the cross-border manual frequency restoration power exchange between the LFC areas applying the optimisation algorithm on the input provided and the common merit order list.
The TSO-TSO settlement function shall operate as follows:
(a) The input to the TSO-TSO settlement function shall be at least the manual frequency restoration power exchange between the LFC areas and the prices determined in accordance with the methodology proposed in accordance with Article 30 of EBGL.
(b) The outputs of the TSO-TSO settlement function shall be:
i. the calculation of the intended exchange of balancing energy and the related settlement amount resulting from the cross-border mFRR activation process for each participating TSO in accordance with the methodology proposed in accordance with Article 50 of EBGL;
ii. calculation and distribution of congestion rent incurred in accordance with the methodology proposed in accordance with Article 50 of EBGL.
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See also:
Frequency containment reserve (FCR)
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It is proposed (ENTSO-E Explanatory Document to all TSOs’ proposal for the implementation framework for a European platform for the exchange of balancing energy from frequency restoration reserves with manual activation in accordance with Article 20 of Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2195 establishing a guideline on electricity balancing) to use cross-border marginal price (XBMP) between TSOs in the mFRR Platform according to the following definition: “The cross border marginal price is the price of the last bid of the mFRR standard product which has been activated to cover the energy demand for balancing purposes within an uncongested area”.
With regard to the TSO-TSO settlement, the majority of TSOs and stakeholders prefers to settle blocks, i.e. to minimize quarter hours and thus complexity for settlement. The current approach is to align incentives that should be given to BRPs, without limiting or dictating the options on how to provide these incentives.
As regards pricing one of the most decisive questions is whether to apply separate prices (i.e. the clearing price for scheduled activations can be higher or lower as the highest activated direct activations bid price) or to make prices for scheduled activations and prices of direct activations dependent on each other (e.g. apply the same price for both, set by the most expensive bids for scheduled activations and direct activations). The latter option would not be possible in the case of elastic demands.
Two options for the pricing of such “counter-direct activations” have been identified:
- separate prices for up- and downward activations (restricted by preceding prices of activations from the same quarter-hour merit order list (cap/floor)).
- one marginal price determined at the end of the quarter-hour.
The decision as to which of these options will be proposed depends on whether netting will be applied for direct activations and how netted volumes will be settled. Since opposing demands of upward and downward mFRR will be netted in in the mFRR Platform, the question of how to settle these volumes needs to be answered. The current working assumption suggests applying the XBMP provided by the algorithm, however, the alternative option of applying opportunity options has been discussed. According to the ENTSO-E document in question, the latter is particularly considered as an option for the case of perfect netting of inelastic demands (i.e. no activation).
aFRR-Platform (PICASSO)
In turn, when it comes to the aFRR-Platform, the implementation project PICASSO (Platform for the International Coordination of the Automatic frequency restoration process and Stable System Operation) foresees early regional operation before the respective deadlines. The PICASSO will transform into the aFRR-Platform and will establish a cross-border aFRR activation process for all LFC areas in which the automatic frequency restoration process is implemented.
For this purpose the respective TSOs submitted on 18 December 2018 the document titled: “All TSOs’ proposal for the implementation framework for a European platform for the exchange of balancing energy from frequency restoration reserves with automatic activation in accordance with Article 21 of Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2195 establishing a guideline on electricity balancing.” It is intended that the PICASSO fulfil all requirements defined and further requirements of the NC EB by 30 months after the approval of the aforementioned TSOs’ proposal. Under the rules of the aFRR-Platform each participating TSO is envisioned to send its aFRR demand for its LFC area.
The functions of the aFRR-Platform include the optimisation of the activation of standard aFRR balancing energy product bids located in each LFC area while respecting the relevant constraints. Article 21(6) of the NC EB requires that all TSOs performing the aFRR process are connected to the aFRR-Platform no later than 30 months after the approval of the respective framework. This applies for all TSOs of the synchronous areas CE and Nordic, but not currently for the TSOs of the synchronous areas IE/NI, GB and Baltic.
Article 21(2) of the NC EB envisions that the aFRR-Platform must apply a multilateral TSO-TSO model with common merit order lists to exchange all balancing energy bids from all standard products for frequency restoration reserves with automatic activation, except for unavailable bids.
Pursuant to Article 21(3) of the NC EB the proposal for the implementation of aFRR-Platform, must include, in particular:
(a) the high level design of the European platform;
(b) the roadmap and timelines for the implementation of the European platform;
(c) the definition of the functions required to operate the European platform;
(d) the proposed rules concerning the governance and operation of the European platform, based on the principle of non-discrimination and ensuring equitable treatment of all member TSOs and that no TSO benefits from unjustified economic advantages through the participation in the functions of the European platform;
(e) the balancing energy gate closure time for all standard products for frequency restoration reserves with automatic activation;
(f) the definition of standard products for balancing energy from frequency restoration reserves with automatic activation;
(I) the TSO energy bid submission gate closure time;
(j) the common merit order lists to be organised by the common activation optimisation function,
(l) the description of the algorithm for the operation of the activation optimisation function for the balancing energy bids from all standard products for frequency restoration reserves with automatic activation.
The aFRR-Platform implements an imbalance netting process by netting of the aFRR demands and supersedes the European Platform for imbalance netting process after all member TSOs using the European Platform for imbalance netting process has become participating TSOs of the aFRR-Platform.
As of the end of March 2018, the PICASSO project consisted of sixteen members TSOs, as well as 10 observers.
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Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2195 of 23 November 2017 establishing a guideline on electricity balancing
Article 20 European platform for the exchange of balancing energy from frequency restoration reserves with manual activation
1. By one year after entry into force of this Regulation, all TSOs shall develop a proposal for the implementation framework for a European platform for the exchange of balancing energy from frequency restoration reserves with manual activation.
Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2195 of 23 November 2017 establishing a guideline on electricity balancing Article 21
European platform for the exchange of balancing energy from frequency restoration reserves with automatic activation
1. By one year after entry into force of this Regulation, all TSOs shall develop a proposal for the implementation framework for a European platform for the exchange of balancing energy from frequency restoration reserves with automatic activation.
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